Oscillators: Electronic oscillator, Multivibrator, Costas loop, Phase-locked loop, Crystal oscillator, Phase noise, Voltage-controlled oscillator, Crystal oscillator frequencies, Parametric oscillator, Blocking oscillator, 555 timer IC

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 65. Chapters: Electronic oscillator, Multivibrator, Costas loop, Phase-locked loop, Crystal oscillator, Phase noise, Voltage-controlled oscillator, Crystal oscillator frequencies, Parametric oscillator, Blocking oscillator, 555 timer IC, Frequency synthesizer, Quartz clock, Variable-frequency oscillator, Relaxation oscillator, Numerically-controlled oscillator, Crystal oven, Wien bridge oscillator, Colpitts oscillator, Carrier recovery, Direct digital synthesizer, Oscillator phase noise, Pierce oscillator, Injection locking, Self-pulsation, Ring oscillator, Oscillator sync, Parasitic oscillation, Digitally-controlled oscillator, Hartley oscillator, Chua's circuit, Delay-locked loop, Oscillator linewidth, Armstrong oscillator, RC oscillator, Clapp oscillator, Vackár oscillator, Phase-shift oscillator, Beat frequency oscillator, Dynatron oscillator, Opto-electronic oscillator, Grid dip oscillator, HP200A, Robinson oscillator, Tri-tet oscillator, Analog temperature controlled crystal oscillator, Delay line oscillator, Resonant inverter, Switching time, Local oscillator, Royer oscillator, Injection locked frequency divider, Oscillistor, Digital Clock Manager. Excerpt: A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed around them became known as "crystal oscillators." Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to tens of megahertz. More than two billion (2×10) crystals are manufactured annually. Most are used for consumer devices such as wristwatches, clocks, radios, computers, and cellphones. Quartz crystals are also found inside test and measurement equipment, such as counters, signal generators, and oscilloscopes. Very early Bell Labs crystals from Vectron International CollectionPiezoelectricity was discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880. Paul Langevin first investigated quartz resonators for use in sonar during World War I. The first crystal-controlled oscillator, using a crystal of Rochelle salt, was built in 1917 and patented in 1918 by Alexander M. Nicholson at Bell Telephone Laboratories, although his priority was disputed by Walter Guyton Cady. Cady built the first quartz crystal oscillator in 1921. Other early innovators in quartz crystal oscillators include G. W. Pierce and Louis Essen. Quartz crystal oscillators were developed for high-stability frequency references during the 1920s and 1930s. By 1926 quartz crystals were used to control the frequency of radio broadcasting stations and were popular with amateur radio operators. In 1928, Warren Marrison (of Bell Telephone Laboratories) developed the first quartz crystal clock. This invention replaced the escapement and pendulum (as the timing reference), rely