Lithuania Towards a Multicultural Society: Experience, Issues, and Perspectives

CONTENTS

PREFACE: WHY WE WROTE A BOOK DEVOTED TO ISSUES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCY IN LITHUANIA 9

Glossary 22

PART I

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MULTICULTURALISM FROM THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 27

1.1. Traces of Multiethnicity in Ancient Civilizations. 29

1.1.1. The Hellenistic cultural period under Alexander the Great of Macedon 29

1.1.2. Traces of multiculturalism in the Roman Empire 30

1.1.3. Germanic and Jewish cultural diversity 31

1.1.4. A brief history of multiculturalism in Great Britain 32

1.2. Contemporary Trends of Multiculturalism in the World 33

1.2.1. Multiculturalism in Canada 34

1.2.2. Multiculturalism in Australia 36

1.2.3. Multiculturalism in Great Britain 39

1.3. Towards Multicultural Society in Lithuania 42

1.3.1. The early historic period in the development of Lithuania 42

1.3.2. From monoethnicity to multiculturalism - formation and development of the State of Lithuania 45

1.3.3. Lithuanian multiculturalism during the rule of the Russian Empire (1795-1918  71

1.3.4. Expression of various cultures in Lithuania during the Inter-War Period (1918-1940) 76

1.3.5. The destruction of Lithuanian multicultural heritage in the period of fascist Germany (1941-1944) and Soviet “Internationalism” (1940-1941,1944-1990) 82

1.3.6. Contemporary trends of multiculturalism development in independent Lithuania  95

1.3.6.1. Overcoming the legacy of the Fascist Germany and Soviet Internationalism 95

1.3.6.2. Lithuania, from multiculturaiity towards multiculturalism 113

References 119

PART II

SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE ON THE CONCEPT OF COMPETENCY 135

2.1. The Outset and Reasons for Research on Competency 137

2.2. What Are Competencies? 138

2.3. Competency Dictionaries and Models 140

2.4. Multicultural Competency 142

2.5. The Importance of National Cultures in Multiculturalism Studies 146

2.5.1. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory 146

2.5.2. Trompenaars’ model of national culture differences 148

2.5.3. Criticism of approaches of Hofstede and T rompenaars 150

2.6. Brief Summary of the Chapter 150

References 152

PART III

RESEARCH ON THE DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCY IN LITHUANIA 155

3.1. Methodology' of Research on the Issue of the Development of Multiculturality Competence in Lithuania 156

3.2. The Development of Multicultural Competency' in Lithuanian Organisations 162

3.3. The Evaluation of the Importance of Multicultural Competency in the Organisation (Question 15) 165

3.4. The Evaluation of Multicultural Competency 167

3.4.1. The dimension of knowledge 167

3.4.2. The dimension of perception (perception of relations) 172

3.4.3. The dimension of attitudes 175

3.4.4. The dimension of behaviour 178

3.5. Problems in Multicultural Communication 181

References 195