Lemurs: Lemuridae, Indriidae, Aye-aye, Cheirogaleidae, List of lemur species, Ring-tailed lemur, Ruffed lemur, Taxonomy of lemurs, Evolutionary history of lemurs, Lemurs of Madagascar, Fork-marked lemur, Black-and-white ruffed lemur

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 51. Chapters: Lemuridae, Indriidae, Aye-aye, Cheirogaleidae, List of lemur species, Ring-tailed lemur, Ruffed lemur, Taxonomy of lemurs, Evolutionary history of lemurs, Lemurs of Madagascar, Fork-marked lemur, Black-and-white ruffed lemur, Ring-tailed lemur vocalizations, Red ruffed lemur, Greater bamboo lemur, Giant mouse lemur, Masoala fork-marked lemur, Coquerel's giant mouse lemur, Northern giant mouse lemur, Pariente's fork-marked lemur, Hairy-eared dwarf lemur, Amber Mountain fork-marked lemur, Pale fork-marked lemur. Excerpt: Lemurs ( US dict: ) are a clade of strepsirrhine primates endemic to the island of Madagascar. They are named after the lemures (ghosts or spirits) of Roman mythology due to the ghostly vocalizations, reflective eyes, and the nocturnal habits of some species. Although lemurs often are confused with ancestral primates, the anthropoid primates (monkeys, apes, and humans) did not evolve from them; instead, lemurs merely share morphological and behavioral traits with basal primates. Lemurs arrived in Madagascar around 62 to 65 mya by rafting on mats of vegetation at a time when ocean currents favored oceanic dispersal to the island. Since that time, lemurs have evolved to cope with an extremely seasonal environment and their adaptations give them a level of diversity that rivals that of all other primate groups. Until shortly after humans arrived on the island around 2,000 years ago, there were lemurs as large as a male gorilla. Today, there are nearly 100 species of lemurs, and most of those species have been discovered or promoted to full species status since the 1990s; however, lemur taxonomic classification is controversial and depends on which species concept is used. Even the higher-level taxonomy is disputed, with some experts preferring to place most lemurs within the infraorder Lemuriformes, while others prefer Lemuriformes to contain all living strepsirrhines, placing all lemurs in superfamily Lemuroidea and all lorises and galagos in superfamily Lorisoidea. Ranging in size from 30 g (1.1 oz) to 9 kg (20 lb), lemurs share many common, basal primate traits, such as divergent digits on their hands and feet and nails instead of claws (in most species). However, their brain-to-body size ratio is smaller than that of anthropoid primates, and among many other traits they share with other strepsirrhine primates, they have a "wet nose" (rhinarium). Lemurs are generally the most social of the strepsirrhine primates and communicate more with scents and vocalizations tha