Green woodworking: Green woodworking tools, Timber framing, Wood cleaving, Adze, Broadaxe, Hewing, Bodging, Billhook, Splitting maul, Twybil, Windsor chair, Drawknife, Cleaving axe, Shave horse, Froe, Jettying, Pole lathe, Hacking knife, Slick, Bark spud

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 23. Chapters: Green woodworking tools, Timber framing, Wood cleaving, Adze, Broadaxe, Hewing, Bodging, Billhook, Splitting maul, Twybil, Windsor chair, Drawknife, Cleaving axe, Shave horse, Froe, Jettying, Pole lathe, Hacking knife, Slick, Bark spud. Excerpt: Timber framing (German: literally "framework"), or half-timbering, is the method of creating structures using heavy timbers jointed by pegged mortise and tenon joints. In architectural terminology it can be defined as: a lattice of panels filled with a non-loadbearing material or "nogging" of brick, clay or plaster, the frame is often exposed on the outside of the building One of the first people to use the term half-timbered was Mary Martha Sherwood (1775¿1851), who employed it in her book The Lady of the Manor, published in several volumes from 1823 to 1829. She uses the term picturesquely: Perversely, Sherwood does not use it equally for all timber-framed buildings, for elsewhere she writes: By 1842, the term "half-timbered" had found its way into The Encyclopedia of Architecture by Joseph Gwilt (1784¿1863). The completed frame of a modern timber-frame house Projecting ("jettied") upper storeys of an English half-timbered village terraced house, the jetties plainly visible Illustration of timber framing from the Lexikon der gesamten Technik (1904)Timber framing is the method of creating framed structures of heavy timber jointed together with various joints, but most commonly originally with lap jointing, and then later pegged mortise and tenon joints. Diagonal bracing is used to prevent "racking", or movement of structural vertical beams or posts. Originally, German (and other) master carpenters would peg the joints with allowance of approximately an inch (25 mm), enough room for the wood to move as it seasoned, then cut the pegs and drive the beam home fully into its socket. To cope with variable sizes and shapes of hewn (by adze or axe) and sawn timbers, two main carpentry methods were employed: scribe carpentry and square rule carpentry. Scribing was used throughout Europe, especially from the 12th century to the 19th century and subsequently imported to North America where it was common into the early 19th century. In a scribe frame, timber sockets are fashio